About Burma
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
ပွညျထောငျစု သမ်မတ မွနျမာနိုငျငံတောျ (Burmese)
Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw
Anthem: “Kaba Ma Kyei” (English: “Till the End of the World”)
Capital: Naypyidaw (Nay Pyi Taw) 19°45′N 96°6′E
Largest city: Yangon (Rangoon)
Official languages Burmese
Recognised regional languages
Kachin, Kayah, Karen, Chin, Mon, Rakhine, Shan
Ethnic groups ([1])
68% Bamar
9% Shan
7% Karen
4% Rakhine
2% Mon
1% Hindus
9% others
Religion Theravāda Buddhism 87.9%
Christianity 6.2%
Islam 4.3%
Other 1.6%[2]
Demonym(s) Burmese / Myanma[3]
Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic
• President: Win Myint
• State Counsellor: Aung San Suu Kyi
• 1st Vice President: Myint Swe
• 2nd Vice President: Henry Van Thio
Legislature Assembly of the Union
• Upper house (House of Nationalities)
• Lower house (House of Representatives)
Formation
• Pagan Kingdom (23 December 849)
• Taungoo Dynasty (16 October 1510)
• Konbaung Dynasty (29 February 1752)
• Annexation by Britain (1 January 1886)
• Independence from British (4 January 1948)
• Coup d’état (2 March 1962)
• Renamed from “Burma” to “Myanmar” (18 June 1989)
• Restoration of presidency (30 March 2011)
Area
• Total: 676,578 km2 (261,228 sq mi) (39th)
• Water (%): 3.06
Population
• 2017 census (53,582,855 (2017)[4] (26th))
• Density (76/km2 (196.8/sq mi) (125th))
GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
• Total: $355 billion[5] (51st)
• Per capita: $6,707[5] (128th)
GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
• Total: $66 billion[5] (72nd)
• Per capita: $1,245[5] (155th)
Gini (2015) 38.1[6]
medium
HDI (2018) Increase 0.584[7]
medium · 145th
Currency Kyat (K) (MMK)
Time zone UTC+06:30 (MMT)
Driving side right
Calling code +95
ISO 3166 code MM
Internet TLD .mm
Myanmar (English pronunciation below; Burmese: မွနျမာ, [mjəmà])[nb 1] or Burma (see §Etymology), officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar[nb 2], is a country in Southeast Asia. Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. With a size of 676,578 square kilometres (261,228 square miles), Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area. As of 2017, the population is about 54 million.[4] Its capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).[1] Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) since 1997.
Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma.[8] In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia.[9] The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar was granted independence in 1948, as a democratic nation. Following a coup d’état in 1962, it became a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party.
For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and its myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world’s longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country.[10] In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country’s human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions.[11] There is, however, continuing criticism of the government’s treatment of ethnic minorities, its response to the ethnic insurgency, and religious clashes.[12] In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi’s party won a majority in both houses. However, the Burmese military remains a powerful force in politics.
Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN and BIMSTEC, but not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. Myanmar is also endowed with renewable energy; it has the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion.[13] In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion.[14] The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the former military government.[15] As of 2016, Myanmar ranks 145 out of 188 countries in human development, according to the Human Development Index.[7]
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